INFORMATION HIDING -- AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY (3/10)

034110 `Electronic Marking and Identification Techniques to Discourage Document Copying'

  • J Brassil, S Low, N Maxemchuk, L O'Garman, IEEE Infocom 94 pp 1278 -- 1287
  • The authors describe an AT & T system to discourage illegal document copying by marking documents with line-shift encoding. Successive lines of text are shifted up or down by 1/300", thereby encoding a serial number. Experiments on postscript documents showed that even third photocopies could be scanned and decoded with very few errors; different detection techniques are discussed, as are the effects of image defects and the countermeasures available to infringers.

    034157 'Electronic Document Distribution'

  • NF Maxemchuk, AT&T Technical Journal v 73 no 5 (Sep/Oct 94) pp 73 -- 80
  • This article describes techniques developed by Bell labs to make it easier to identify people who redistribute electronic documents. Identifying marks can be encoded in line spacing, word spacing and font features; their relative resistance to photocopying and to various erasure strategies is discussed. Such techniques can be used, for example, to embed a purchaser's name and credit card number in a document. A trial run is scheduled for an issue of the IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications in 1995.

    `Towards Robust and Hidden Image Copyright Labeling'

  • E Koch, J Zhao, Proceedings of 1995 IEEE Workshop on Nonlinear Signal and Image Processing (Neos Marmaras, Halkidiki, Greece, June 20 -- 22, 1995) and http://www.igd.fhg.de/www/igd-a8/pub/IEEE_Hidden.ps
  • The authors describe a system developed to hide copyright messages in JPEG compressed digital images. These messages are robust in the fact of lossy compression and low pass filtering; they are encoded at a number of locations in the picture which are determined by a secret key.

    `Embedding Robust Labels Into Images For Copyright Protection'

  • J Zhao, E Koch, Proc. Int. Congr. on IPR for Specialized Information, Knowledge and New Technologies (Vienna, Austria, August 21-25, 1995) and http://www.igd.fhg.de/www/igd-a8/pub/EmbedLabel.ps
  • The authors describe two copyright marking schemes -- one for embedding labels in JPEG compressed images, and one for black and white images. The former alters the quantisation table in the discrete cosine transform, and the latter encodes a bit according to whether a block of pixels is more black than white. Varying the table or block size allows the tradeoff between robustness and visibility to be selected.

    'Video-Steganography: How to Secretly Embed a Signature in a Picture'

  • K Matsui, K Tanaka, Proceedings, Technological Strategies for Protecting Intellectual Property in the Networked Multimedia Environment, Journal of the Interactive Multi- media Association Intellectual Property Project, v 1 no 1 (Jan 1994) pp 187 -- 205
  • The authors discuss schemes to embed copyright messages in pictures compressed using a number of different signal processing schemes, including predictive coding, or- dered dithering, facsimile and discrete cosine transform. For example, fax messages are signed by replacing the rightmost pixel of each line with the next bit of the signature.

    042155 'Speakeasy: The Military Software Radio'

  • RJ Lackey, DW Upmal, IEEE Communications Magazine v 33 no 5 (May 95) pp 56--61
  • The authors describe a US Army project to develop a military radio which uses pro- grammable signal processing to emulate more than 15 existing radios, including GPS, cellular phones, satcom, analogue HF, SINCGARS, HAVE QUICK and low probabil- ity of intercept modes. It will operate from 2MHz to 2GHz with interchangeable RF modules and IF digitisation; in addition to software waveform processing, there is also a programmable security processor which emulates the comsec and transec features of five existing crypto devices.