| Scott Craver, Nasir Memon, Boon-Lock Yeo, Minerva Yeung.
Resolving Rightful Ownerships with Invisible Watermarking Techniques: Limitations, Attacks, and Implications, IEEE Journal Selected Areas of Communications (JSAC), May'98.
Vol. 16 No. 4 1998.
pp. 573-586.
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Abstract - Digital watermarks have been proposed in recent literature as a means for copyright protection of multimedia data. In this paper we address the capability of invisible watermarking schemes to resolve copyright ownership. We show that, in certain applications, rightful ownership cannot be resolved by current watermarking schemes alone. Specifically, we attack existing techniques by providing counterfeit watermarking schemes that can be performed on a watermarked image to allow multiple claims of rightful ownership. In the absence of standardization and specific requirements imposed on watermarking procedures, anyone can claim ownership of any watermarked image. In order to protect against the counterfeiting techniques that we develop, we examine the properties necessary for resolving ownership via invisible watermarking. We introduce and study invertibility and quasi-invertibility of invisible watermarking techniques. We propose noninvertible watermarking schemes, and subsequently give examples of techniques that we believe to be nonquasi-invertible and hence invulnerable against more sophisticated attacks proposed in the paper. The attacks and results presented in the paper, and the remedies proposed, further imply that we have to carefully reevaluate the current approaches and techniques in invisible watermarking of digital images based on application domains, and rethink the promises, applications and implications of such digital means of copyright protection.
Index Terms-Attacks on digital watermarks, copyright protection, counterfeit watermarks, cryptography, invertible and non-invertible watermarking, invisible watermarks, quasi-invertible watermarking.
This paper was presented in part at IS&T/SPIE Electronic Imaging 1997: Storage and Retrieval
for Image and Video Databases V, San Jose, CA in February 1997 as "Can Invisible Watermarks Resolve Rightful Ownerships? " pp. 310-321and at
the 1997 International Conference on image Processing, Santa Barbara, CA
in October 1997. This paper is based on the 25 July 1996 IBM Technical Report RC 20509 available at http://www.watson.ibm.com:8080/main-cgi-bin/search_paper.pl/entry_ids=8214 and
http://www.research.ibm.com:8080/main-cgi-bin/search_paper.pl/entry_ids=8214
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